Abstract
This study examined the effect of community-based tourism (CBT) on women's economic empowerment in the Iranian village of Jirsar Bagherkhaleh. Using a questionnaire containing Likert scale and free-text questions, data were gathered using a qualitative research methodology. The purpose of this study was
to address the paucity of previous research in this particular context and to provide valuable insights for future community tourism initiatives and policies.
The findings highlighted the positive effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhah. The implementation of CBT provided equal employment opportunities, the enhancement of skills, and enhanced access to productive resources. Additionally, it
challenged traditional gender roles and promoted greater gender equality in the community. The multiplier effects of CBT were evident in the increased household incomes and observable village development.
However, the investigation identified obstacles that must be addressed. These included the need for more control over income and decision-making processes, as well as the need to combat discrimination and restrictive social norms that impede women's economic empowerment. When developing and implementing community-based tourism initiatives, policymakers and stakeholders should consider these
factors.
This study contributes to the literature on gender, empowerment, and community-based tourism, as stated in the conclusion. By shedding light on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhaleh, this report provides policymakers, practitioners, and academics with valuable insights. The findings highlight the significance of promoting gender equality, providing equal opportunities, and
addressing the unique obstacles women confront in community tourism projects. By incorporating these insights into future initiatives, inclusive and sustainable development in the village and beyond can be
promoted.
Anotace v angličtině
Abstract
This study examined the effect of community-based tourism (CBT) on women's economic empowerment in the Iranian village of Jirsar Bagherkhaleh. Using a questionnaire containing Likert scale and free-text questions, data were gathered using a qualitative research methodology. The purpose of this study was
to address the paucity of previous research in this particular context and to provide valuable insights for future community tourism initiatives and policies.
The findings highlighted the positive effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhah. The implementation of CBT provided equal employment opportunities, the enhancement of skills, and enhanced access to productive resources. Additionally, it
challenged traditional gender roles and promoted greater gender equality in the community. The multiplier effects of CBT were evident in the increased household incomes and observable village development.
However, the investigation identified obstacles that must be addressed. These included the need for more control over income and decision-making processes, as well as the need to combat discrimination and restrictive social norms that impede women's economic empowerment. When developing and implementing community-based tourism initiatives, policymakers and stakeholders should consider these
factors.
This study contributes to the literature on gender, empowerment, and community-based tourism, as stated in the conclusion. By shedding light on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhaleh, this report provides policymakers, practitioners, and academics with valuable insights. The findings highlight the significance of promoting gender equality, providing equal opportunities, and
addressing the unique obstacles women confront in community tourism projects. By incorporating these insights into future initiatives, inclusive and sustainable development in the village and beyond can be
promoted.
Abstract
This study examined the effect of community-based tourism (CBT) on women's economic empowerment in the Iranian village of Jirsar Bagherkhaleh. Using a questionnaire containing Likert scale and free-text questions, data were gathered using a qualitative research methodology. The purpose of this study was
to address the paucity of previous research in this particular context and to provide valuable insights for future community tourism initiatives and policies.
The findings highlighted the positive effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhah. The implementation of CBT provided equal employment opportunities, the enhancement of skills, and enhanced access to productive resources. Additionally, it
challenged traditional gender roles and promoted greater gender equality in the community. The multiplier effects of CBT were evident in the increased household incomes and observable village development.
However, the investigation identified obstacles that must be addressed. These included the need for more control over income and decision-making processes, as well as the need to combat discrimination and restrictive social norms that impede women's economic empowerment. When developing and implementing community-based tourism initiatives, policymakers and stakeholders should consider these
factors.
This study contributes to the literature on gender, empowerment, and community-based tourism, as stated in the conclusion. By shedding light on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhaleh, this report provides policymakers, practitioners, and academics with valuable insights. The findings highlight the significance of promoting gender equality, providing equal opportunities, and
addressing the unique obstacles women confront in community tourism projects. By incorporating these insights into future initiatives, inclusive and sustainable development in the village and beyond can be
promoted.
Anotace v angličtině
Abstract
This study examined the effect of community-based tourism (CBT) on women's economic empowerment in the Iranian village of Jirsar Bagherkhaleh. Using a questionnaire containing Likert scale and free-text questions, data were gathered using a qualitative research methodology. The purpose of this study was
to address the paucity of previous research in this particular context and to provide valuable insights for future community tourism initiatives and policies.
The findings highlighted the positive effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhah. The implementation of CBT provided equal employment opportunities, the enhancement of skills, and enhanced access to productive resources. Additionally, it
challenged traditional gender roles and promoted greater gender equality in the community. The multiplier effects of CBT were evident in the increased household incomes and observable village development.
However, the investigation identified obstacles that must be addressed. These included the need for more control over income and decision-making processes, as well as the need to combat discrimination and restrictive social norms that impede women's economic empowerment. When developing and implementing community-based tourism initiatives, policymakers and stakeholders should consider these
factors.
This study contributes to the literature on gender, empowerment, and community-based tourism, as stated in the conclusion. By shedding light on the economic empowerment of women in Jirsar Bagherkhaleh, this report provides policymakers, practitioners, and academics with valuable insights. The findings highlight the significance of promoting gender equality, providing equal opportunities, and
addressing the unique obstacles women confront in community tourism projects. By incorporating these insights into future initiatives, inclusive and sustainable development in the village and beyond can be
promoted.
Statistical data from 2011-2016 shows the need for planning for the young workforce in the next 15 years. Planning for women as half of this population that will play an effective role in the future of this border and environment is one of the requirements of planning in Iran's development plans. According to the 2000 UN Development Report, the economic activity rate in Iran is 27.6%, which is even lower than the economic participation rate of women in countries with lower human development rates. In 2005-2016, the economic participation rate of women and men decreased by 0.6% below 40% fell and women accounted for only 14.9% of this participation. Of course, the entry of women into the labor market in 2015 has increased by 1.3 and this year, 2016, 1.6 percent, which itself promises more participation of women in this field if they plan and focus on their entry in the coming years. The working population has been declining over the years, indicating that in times of economic downturn, there is a decline in inflation, a decline in inflation, a decline in inflation, a decline in unemployment, and a decline in unemployment. It causes them thousands. In the meantime, it should be borne in mind that the number of rural employees during these 10 years for various reasons, including: migration of labor from rural to urban areas, conversion of some villages into urban areas, rural climate change, increased investment in cities relative to rural areas, differences Wages between rural and urban areas and the increase in the share of mechanized agriculture and the reduction of unpaid family workers, which mostly includes women and youth, have decreased by 1 percent. Also, citing the above reasons, as well as the difficulty and inefficiency of traditional agriculture, employment in this sector has been affected, which is expected to continue its declining trend in the coming years, apart from the growth or stagnation of the agricultural sector. The population of women working in agriculture in 1995 was only 853,000, which has decreased by 64% over the past 10 years. In this regard, the population working in the service sector, especially during 1994 and 1995, has grown significantly and the unemployment rate at all levels of education has increased in 1995. Women, meanwhile, cite reasons such as personal responsibilities and marital status as reasons for not looking for work, which reflects the lack of flexible jobs suitable for living conditions.
The World Economic Forum publishes the Gender Gap Index from the calculation of the four general indicators of education, health, economic participation, and political participation each year for 153 countries, based on data from reports by the International Labor Organization and the Human Development Report. Is ranked 148th. The data of this report indicate that the unemployment rate of women is almost twice that of men in the country. This is while the ratio of unpaid women employees to men is 4 times.
Zásady pro vypracování
Statistical data from 2011-2016 shows the need for planning for the young workforce in the next 15 years. Planning for women as half of this population that will play an effective role in the future of this border and environment is one of the requirements of planning in Iran's development plans. According to the 2000 UN Development Report, the economic activity rate in Iran is 27.6%, which is even lower than the economic participation rate of women in countries with lower human development rates. In 2005-2016, the economic participation rate of women and men decreased by 0.6% below 40% fell and women accounted for only 14.9% of this participation. Of course, the entry of women into the labor market in 2015 has increased by 1.3 and this year, 2016, 1.6 percent, which itself promises more participation of women in this field if they plan and focus on their entry in the coming years. The working population has been declining over the years, indicating that in times of economic downturn, there is a decline in inflation, a decline in inflation, a decline in inflation, a decline in unemployment, and a decline in unemployment. It causes them thousands. In the meantime, it should be borne in mind that the number of rural employees during these 10 years for various reasons, including: migration of labor from rural to urban areas, conversion of some villages into urban areas, rural climate change, increased investment in cities relative to rural areas, differences Wages between rural and urban areas and the increase in the share of mechanized agriculture and the reduction of unpaid family workers, which mostly includes women and youth, have decreased by 1 percent. Also, citing the above reasons, as well as the difficulty and inefficiency of traditional agriculture, employment in this sector has been affected, which is expected to continue its declining trend in the coming years, apart from the growth or stagnation of the agricultural sector. The population of women working in agriculture in 1995 was only 853,000, which has decreased by 64% over the past 10 years. In this regard, the population working in the service sector, especially during 1994 and 1995, has grown significantly and the unemployment rate at all levels of education has increased in 1995. Women, meanwhile, cite reasons such as personal responsibilities and marital status as reasons for not looking for work, which reflects the lack of flexible jobs suitable for living conditions.
The World Economic Forum publishes the Gender Gap Index from the calculation of the four general indicators of education, health, economic participation, and political participation each year for 153 countries, based on data from reports by the International Labor Organization and the Human Development Report. Is ranked 148th. The data of this report indicate that the unemployment rate of women is almost twice that of men in the country. This is while the ratio of unpaid women employees to men is 4 times.
Seznam doporučené literatury
Literatur
Research (Tarasi et al., 2020) on rural women in Zanjan province showed that in situations where women's empowerment is not desirable, creating capacity for sustainable jobs is the priority of women in the region in terms of economic empowerment. This study highlights that women in the region place minor importance on physical capacity building.
All variables indicating the situation of rural women after participating in economic activities have improved compared to the previous period. The women of Khavomir village have admitted with 95% confidence that they enjoy being a woman more than in the past. (Mohammadi Hamkaran, 2020)
(Kiani slamio Abbasian, 2020) have studied three dimensions of empowerment between tourist and non-tourist villages of Nazanz city and have concluded that there is a significant and positive difference in tourist villages. In these villages, the level of cultural empowerment has been more than economic.
A meta-analysis conducted by (Kermani et al., 2017) states that the three elements of women's education and freedom in economic activities and increasing self-efficacy are the most influential factors on women in terms of social, economic, and psychological empowerment respectively.
(Vosoughi Ghasemi, 2013) who, according to Scheyven's model, have considered the empowerment dimension as economic, psychological, and social. Also, they have divided ecotourism into participation, protection, and education; They found that participation has a positive effect on all aspects of empowerment, protection leads to social and economic empowerment, and education has a direct relationship with economic empowerment.
(Pleno, 2006) Selected two tourism sites on the island of Bohl to study the impact of ecotourism on women's empowerment in the Philippines and to examine the impact of an ecotourism project implemented by NGOs in these villages. Project-trained people are trying to raise their profile for more excellent protection.
Sources:
Tarasi Zahra; Karimzadeh Hossein, and Mr. Mohsen. (2020). Investigating the Relationship between Capacity Building and Empowerment of Rural Women Case Study: Zanjan County. Journal of Geography and Development, 18 (58): 203-224.
Kermani Mehdi; Noghani, Bahmani Mohsen and brothers Kashani Zahra. (2018). A qualitative meta-analysis of research articles in rural and urban women empowerment in Iran. Social Psychological Studies of Women, 16 (2): 33-54.
Kiani Salmi Sedigheh and Abbasian Saeed. (2020). Analysis of the consequences of tourism development on the empowerment of rural areas (Case study: villages in the central part of Natanz). Journal of Geography and Planning, 24 (71): 367-339.
Mohammadi Saadi, Manouchehri Soran, and Ahmadi Abdul Rahman. (2020). Analysis of the effects of participation in economic activities on the vitality of rural women (Case study: Khavomirabad section of Marivan city). Human Geography Research, 52 (1): 221-239.
Vosoughi Leila and Ghasemi Mahdieh. (2013). Ecotourism and empowerment of rural women (Case study: Shib Daraz village, Qeshm Island). Quarterly Journal of Women in Development and Politics (Women Research), 12 (4): 593-610.
Haywood K Michael. (1988). Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism Management, 9 (2): 105-118.
Jamal Tazim B and Getz Donald. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of tourism research, 22 (1): 186-204.
Korkietpitak Warangkana; Kaewkumkong Ampa and Jaiborisudhi Watunyu. (2013). Human security and Japan International Cooperation Agency and non-governmental organizations collaboration (a case study of great East Japan earthquake / Tsunami). Procedia Environmental Sciences, 17: 909-917.
Pleno Manuel. (2006). Ecotourism Projects and Women's Empowerment: A Case Study in the Province of Bohol, Philippines. Forum of International Development Studies, 32.
Seznam doporučené literatury
Literatur
Research (Tarasi et al., 2020) on rural women in Zanjan province showed that in situations where women's empowerment is not desirable, creating capacity for sustainable jobs is the priority of women in the region in terms of economic empowerment. This study highlights that women in the region place minor importance on physical capacity building.
All variables indicating the situation of rural women after participating in economic activities have improved compared to the previous period. The women of Khavomir village have admitted with 95% confidence that they enjoy being a woman more than in the past. (Mohammadi Hamkaran, 2020)
(Kiani slamio Abbasian, 2020) have studied three dimensions of empowerment between tourist and non-tourist villages of Nazanz city and have concluded that there is a significant and positive difference in tourist villages. In these villages, the level of cultural empowerment has been more than economic.
A meta-analysis conducted by (Kermani et al., 2017) states that the three elements of women's education and freedom in economic activities and increasing self-efficacy are the most influential factors on women in terms of social, economic, and psychological empowerment respectively.
(Vosoughi Ghasemi, 2013) who, according to Scheyven's model, have considered the empowerment dimension as economic, psychological, and social. Also, they have divided ecotourism into participation, protection, and education; They found that participation has a positive effect on all aspects of empowerment, protection leads to social and economic empowerment, and education has a direct relationship with economic empowerment.
(Pleno, 2006) Selected two tourism sites on the island of Bohl to study the impact of ecotourism on women's empowerment in the Philippines and to examine the impact of an ecotourism project implemented by NGOs in these villages. Project-trained people are trying to raise their profile for more excellent protection.
Sources:
Tarasi Zahra; Karimzadeh Hossein, and Mr. Mohsen. (2020). Investigating the Relationship between Capacity Building and Empowerment of Rural Women Case Study: Zanjan County. Journal of Geography and Development, 18 (58): 203-224.
Kermani Mehdi; Noghani, Bahmani Mohsen and brothers Kashani Zahra. (2018). A qualitative meta-analysis of research articles in rural and urban women empowerment in Iran. Social Psychological Studies of Women, 16 (2): 33-54.
Kiani Salmi Sedigheh and Abbasian Saeed. (2020). Analysis of the consequences of tourism development on the empowerment of rural areas (Case study: villages in the central part of Natanz). Journal of Geography and Planning, 24 (71): 367-339.
Mohammadi Saadi, Manouchehri Soran, and Ahmadi Abdul Rahman. (2020). Analysis of the effects of participation in economic activities on the vitality of rural women (Case study: Khavomirabad section of Marivan city). Human Geography Research, 52 (1): 221-239.
Vosoughi Leila and Ghasemi Mahdieh. (2013). Ecotourism and empowerment of rural women (Case study: Shib Daraz village, Qeshm Island). Quarterly Journal of Women in Development and Politics (Women Research), 12 (4): 593-610.
Haywood K Michael. (1988). Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism Management, 9 (2): 105-118.
Jamal Tazim B and Getz Donald. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of tourism research, 22 (1): 186-204.
Korkietpitak Warangkana; Kaewkumkong Ampa and Jaiborisudhi Watunyu. (2013). Human security and Japan International Cooperation Agency and non-governmental organizations collaboration (a case study of great East Japan earthquake / Tsunami). Procedia Environmental Sciences, 17: 909-917.
Pleno Manuel. (2006). Ecotourism Projects and Women's Empowerment: A Case Study in the Province of Bohol, Philippines. Forum of International Development Studies, 32.
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Záznam průběhu obhajoby
The student presents her thesis on ‘Community Base Tourism and the Empowerment of Local Women, Case Study from Northern Iran’, she starts her presentation by discussing objectives, the statement of the problem, two research questions, and the methodology. She continues by pointing to implementations and data collection. Later, she presents her result analysis graphical findings, followed by the conclusion and challenges. The reviews of both supervisor (Prof.Opršal ) and the reviewer (Pourpakdelfekr) were read out. The student answered the points and comments posed by the reviewer, supervisor, and the committee.