Cílem této studie je extrapolovat realitu ropného průmyslu v iráckém Kurdistánu v Iráku a hodnocení znečištění životního prostředí způsobeného ropným průmyslem ve fyzikálně chemických vlastnostech půdy a vody v blízkosti ropného pole v okrese Zakho. Z okolního prostředí poblíž těchto ropných polí bylo odebráno 16 různých vzorků vody a půdy, aby se posoudil jejich vliv na fyzikálně-chemické vlastnosti půdy a vody na 3 různých místech v blízkosti ropného pole v provincii Zakho a na čtvrtém místě daleko od ropných polí dálnice mezi Město Duhok a město Zakho jako kontrola. Irácká republika, včetně Kurdistánského regionu Iráku (KRI), je vybavena řadou snadno využitelných ropných polí. Zásoby KRI se odhadují na 45 miliard barelů ropy, 200 bilionů kubických stop (tcf) prokázaných zásob plynu a až 198 bilionů kubických stop (tcf) primárně nevyzkoušeného plynu. Nedávno se ukázalo jako jedno z nejaktivnějších vnitrozemských míst těžby ropy a zemního plynu. Navzdory těmto výhodám mohou mít průzkumné a výrobní operace značný vliv na životní prostředí. Problémy způsobené ropným a plynárenským průmyslem pronikly do ekonomických, politických, sociálních, právních a ekologických zájmů v iráckém Kurdistánu. Tento výzkum zkoumá rozsáhlý průzkum a těžbu ropy a zemního plynu v KRI s cílem nalézt související důsledky pro životní prostředí. Zjištění ukazují, že ropné a plynové operace Kurdistánu významně ovlivňují atmosféru, vodní, suchozemskou a biosféru. Výsledek ukázal, že hodnoty pH pro tři studované lokality, jmenovitě Tawke, Pishabire, Qadya, jsou mírně alkalické a různé hodnoty EC naznačují, že lokalita byla různě ovlivněna ropnými odpady vypouštěnými do okolního prostředí. dostupný dusík ve všech lokalitách je kolem 75 mg/kg a v dostatečném množství, což naznačuje, že půda je pozitivně ovlivněna průmyslovými odpadními vodami. Dostupné K, Ca, Mg, Na, OM, mikroživiny, nasycení zásadami a CaCO3 a nejsou ovlivněny ropnými uhlovodíky uvolňovanými do tohoto prostředí. CEC půdy se pohybuje mezi 9-22 Cmol-/kg, což odráží pravděpodobnost ovlivnění ropnými uhlovodíky uvolňovanými do půdy. pH vody je ovlivněno ropným uhlovodíkem vypouštěným do vody a činí ji mírně alkalickou blízkou 8. EC vzorků vody jsou vysoce ovlivněny vypouštěním uhlovodíků do vodních zdrojů, voda je také ovlivněna ropnými uhlovodíky a díky zákalu je mírně zakalená se pohybuje mezi 92 až 100 % TU. První vzorek v Tawke a první vzorek Qadya byly významně ovlivněny znečištěním zaznamenávajícím 40 a 50 ppm dusičnanů, což je činí nebezpečnými i pro nápoje pro hospodářská zvířata. Závěrem lze říci, že kvalita půdy i vody byla nepříznivě ovlivněna vypouštěním ropy do životního prostředí
Anotace v angličtině
The objective of this study is to extrapolate the reality of the oil industry in the Iraqi Kurdistan region of Iraq and the assessment of environmental pollution caused by the oil industry in the physicochemical properties of soil and water near the oil field in Zakho district. 16 different samples of water and soil were taken from the surrounding environment nearby these oil fields to assess their impact in soil and water physiochemical properties in 3 different sites close to the oil field in Zakho province and a fourth location far from oil fields the highway between Duhok city and Zakho city as control. The Republic of Iraq, including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), is endowed with a range of easily exploitable oilfields. The reserves of the KRI are estimated to be 45 billion barrels of oil, 200 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of proven gas reserves, and up to 198 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of primarily untested gas. It has recently emerged as one of the most active inland oil and gas exploration places. Despite these advantages, the exploration and production operations can have a considerable environmental effect. The problems posed by the oil and gas industries have infiltrated economic, political, social, legal, and environmental concerns in Iraq's Kurdistan region. This research examines large-scale oil and gas exploration and production in KRI to find related environmental consequences. The findings show that Kurdistan's oil and gas operations significantly influence the atmosphere, aquatic, terrestrial, and biosphere. Result revealed that the pH value for the three studied locations namely Tawke, Pishabire, Qadya are slightly alkaline, and different values of EC indicates that the location was affected variably with oil effluents discharged to the surrounding environment. available nitrogen in all locations is around 75 mg/kg and in sufficient amounts which indicate that the soil positively affected by industrial effluents. Available K, Ca, Mg, Na, OM, micronutrients, base saturation, and CaCO3 and not affected by petroleum hydrocarbon released to this environment. CEC of the soil vary between 9- 22 Cmol-/Kg that reflect the probability of being affected by oil hydrocarbons released to the soil. The water pH is affected by petroleum hydrocarbon discharged to the and makes it slight alkaline close to 8. The EC of water samples are highly affected by hydrocarbon discharges to water resources, the water also is influenced by oil hydrocarbons and make it slight cloudy from turbidity ranges between 92 to 100 %TU. The first sample in Tawke and first sample of Qadya were significantly affected by pollution recording 40 and 50 ppm nitrate, that makes them unsafety even to livestock drinks. In conclusion the both soil and water quality were adversely affected by the discharge of petroleum in the environment.
Klíčová slova
Irácká oblast Kurdistán, ropa, průzkum, těžba, životní prostředí, ekosystém.
Klíčová slova v angličtině
Kurdistan Region of Iraq, oil, exploration, production, environment, ecosystem.
Rozsah průvodní práce
56 pp
Jazyk
AN
Anotace
Cílem této studie je extrapolovat realitu ropného průmyslu v iráckém Kurdistánu v Iráku a hodnocení znečištění životního prostředí způsobeného ropným průmyslem ve fyzikálně chemických vlastnostech půdy a vody v blízkosti ropného pole v okrese Zakho. Z okolního prostředí poblíž těchto ropných polí bylo odebráno 16 různých vzorků vody a půdy, aby se posoudil jejich vliv na fyzikálně-chemické vlastnosti půdy a vody na 3 různých místech v blízkosti ropného pole v provincii Zakho a na čtvrtém místě daleko od ropných polí dálnice mezi Město Duhok a město Zakho jako kontrola. Irácká republika, včetně Kurdistánského regionu Iráku (KRI), je vybavena řadou snadno využitelných ropných polí. Zásoby KRI se odhadují na 45 miliard barelů ropy, 200 bilionů kubických stop (tcf) prokázaných zásob plynu a až 198 bilionů kubických stop (tcf) primárně nevyzkoušeného plynu. Nedávno se ukázalo jako jedno z nejaktivnějších vnitrozemských míst těžby ropy a zemního plynu. Navzdory těmto výhodám mohou mít průzkumné a výrobní operace značný vliv na životní prostředí. Problémy způsobené ropným a plynárenským průmyslem pronikly do ekonomických, politických, sociálních, právních a ekologických zájmů v iráckém Kurdistánu. Tento výzkum zkoumá rozsáhlý průzkum a těžbu ropy a zemního plynu v KRI s cílem nalézt související důsledky pro životní prostředí. Zjištění ukazují, že ropné a plynové operace Kurdistánu významně ovlivňují atmosféru, vodní, suchozemskou a biosféru. Výsledek ukázal, že hodnoty pH pro tři studované lokality, jmenovitě Tawke, Pishabire, Qadya, jsou mírně alkalické a různé hodnoty EC naznačují, že lokalita byla různě ovlivněna ropnými odpady vypouštěnými do okolního prostředí. dostupný dusík ve všech lokalitách je kolem 75 mg/kg a v dostatečném množství, což naznačuje, že půda je pozitivně ovlivněna průmyslovými odpadními vodami. Dostupné K, Ca, Mg, Na, OM, mikroživiny, nasycení zásadami a CaCO3 a nejsou ovlivněny ropnými uhlovodíky uvolňovanými do tohoto prostředí. CEC půdy se pohybuje mezi 9-22 Cmol-/kg, což odráží pravděpodobnost ovlivnění ropnými uhlovodíky uvolňovanými do půdy. pH vody je ovlivněno ropným uhlovodíkem vypouštěným do vody a činí ji mírně alkalickou blízkou 8. EC vzorků vody jsou vysoce ovlivněny vypouštěním uhlovodíků do vodních zdrojů, voda je také ovlivněna ropnými uhlovodíky a díky zákalu je mírně zakalená se pohybuje mezi 92 až 100 % TU. První vzorek v Tawke a první vzorek Qadya byly významně ovlivněny znečištěním zaznamenávajícím 40 a 50 ppm dusičnanů, což je činí nebezpečnými i pro nápoje pro hospodářská zvířata. Závěrem lze říci, že kvalita půdy i vody byla nepříznivě ovlivněna vypouštěním ropy do životního prostředí
Anotace v angličtině
The objective of this study is to extrapolate the reality of the oil industry in the Iraqi Kurdistan region of Iraq and the assessment of environmental pollution caused by the oil industry in the physicochemical properties of soil and water near the oil field in Zakho district. 16 different samples of water and soil were taken from the surrounding environment nearby these oil fields to assess their impact in soil and water physiochemical properties in 3 different sites close to the oil field in Zakho province and a fourth location far from oil fields the highway between Duhok city and Zakho city as control. The Republic of Iraq, including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), is endowed with a range of easily exploitable oilfields. The reserves of the KRI are estimated to be 45 billion barrels of oil, 200 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of proven gas reserves, and up to 198 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of primarily untested gas. It has recently emerged as one of the most active inland oil and gas exploration places. Despite these advantages, the exploration and production operations can have a considerable environmental effect. The problems posed by the oil and gas industries have infiltrated economic, political, social, legal, and environmental concerns in Iraq's Kurdistan region. This research examines large-scale oil and gas exploration and production in KRI to find related environmental consequences. The findings show that Kurdistan's oil and gas operations significantly influence the atmosphere, aquatic, terrestrial, and biosphere. Result revealed that the pH value for the three studied locations namely Tawke, Pishabire, Qadya are slightly alkaline, and different values of EC indicates that the location was affected variably with oil effluents discharged to the surrounding environment. available nitrogen in all locations is around 75 mg/kg and in sufficient amounts which indicate that the soil positively affected by industrial effluents. Available K, Ca, Mg, Na, OM, micronutrients, base saturation, and CaCO3 and not affected by petroleum hydrocarbon released to this environment. CEC of the soil vary between 9- 22 Cmol-/Kg that reflect the probability of being affected by oil hydrocarbons released to the soil. The water pH is affected by petroleum hydrocarbon discharged to the and makes it slight alkaline close to 8. The EC of water samples are highly affected by hydrocarbon discharges to water resources, the water also is influenced by oil hydrocarbons and make it slight cloudy from turbidity ranges between 92 to 100 %TU. The first sample in Tawke and first sample of Qadya were significantly affected by pollution recording 40 and 50 ppm nitrate, that makes them unsafety even to livestock drinks. In conclusion the both soil and water quality were adversely affected by the discharge of petroleum in the environment.
Klíčová slova
Irácká oblast Kurdistán, ropa, průzkum, těžba, životní prostředí, ekosystém.
Klíčová slova v angličtině
Kurdistan Region of Iraq, oil, exploration, production, environment, ecosystem.
Zásady pro vypracování
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required, in one form or another, in more than half the nations of the world. This paper examines how EIA requirements have influenced projects, programs, and organizations. EIAs have had far less influence than their original supporters had hoped. This paper provides organizational and methodological reasons for this disparity and indicates ways in which EIA might be used more productively in the future.lI will do 10 different experiments including (Water, Solid, and Air) To know an oilfield how is effective in the environment of (water Air soil), Oil contains at least (300) distinct compounds, the majority of which are harmful to human health or lifeforms. Heavy metal pollution in the environment has gained interest in the past few decades, as it has been found to accumulate in the soil, water, and the human body. Heavy metals pose a serious health risk to humans when the concentration level and exposure time increase. Although they have been extensively studied in the environment and food, little is known regarding their occurrence in the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq. To fill this gap, we investigated the occurrence of some metals and heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn), in the blood of crude oil workers (40 men) who have worked in crude oil fields for at least 3 years exposed group. In addition, a control group of 40 men was selected who have never worked or been close to crude oil fields. There is a significant correlation of metal concentrations between exposed and control groups, especially for Al, Ba, Hg, Mn, and V (significant for all metals). Even though the correlation for Pb and Zn was weak, the concentrations were higher by 2-folds in the exposed group compared to the control group. Thus, the exposure caused an increase in the concentration of heavy metals by at least 1-fold in the blood of the exposed group compared to the control group. Heavy metals' environmental and ecotoxicological relevance in humans and the environment in areas with industrial activities have yet to be assessed.The pollutants derived from oil (Oil spillage to land, Chemicals used in oil extraction, Pollution from crude oil transport accidents by pipelines and oil tankers, Crude oil combustion, which results in, Emission of highly toxic gases, Release of toxic metal elements.) The main challenges include Marine and freshwater discharges, Air pollution, Soil, and groundwater contamination. The methodology is divided into three parts: Data collection from the field including water, soil, and air samples Lab work, to analyze the samples as follows, Air sample to know the air pollution and Water sample to know the concentration of anions, cations, heavy metals, and organic materials, Anions, Cations, Heavy metals are, Organic matter like hydrocarbon and Soil samples to know the heavy metals in the soils and how affected by oil field. The thesis is containing the following chapters Abstract, Introduction, Aim of the study Methodology (Data collection, data analysis, and interpretation), Study area, Result, and discussion Conclusion, Recommendation, and References.
Zásady pro vypracování
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required, in one form or another, in more than half the nations of the world. This paper examines how EIA requirements have influenced projects, programs, and organizations. EIAs have had far less influence than their original supporters had hoped. This paper provides organizational and methodological reasons for this disparity and indicates ways in which EIA might be used more productively in the future.lI will do 10 different experiments including (Water, Solid, and Air) To know an oilfield how is effective in the environment of (water Air soil), Oil contains at least (300) distinct compounds, the majority of which are harmful to human health or lifeforms. Heavy metal pollution in the environment has gained interest in the past few decades, as it has been found to accumulate in the soil, water, and the human body. Heavy metals pose a serious health risk to humans when the concentration level and exposure time increase. Although they have been extensively studied in the environment and food, little is known regarding their occurrence in the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq. To fill this gap, we investigated the occurrence of some metals and heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn), in the blood of crude oil workers (40 men) who have worked in crude oil fields for at least 3 years exposed group. In addition, a control group of 40 men was selected who have never worked or been close to crude oil fields. There is a significant correlation of metal concentrations between exposed and control groups, especially for Al, Ba, Hg, Mn, and V (significant for all metals). Even though the correlation for Pb and Zn was weak, the concentrations were higher by 2-folds in the exposed group compared to the control group. Thus, the exposure caused an increase in the concentration of heavy metals by at least 1-fold in the blood of the exposed group compared to the control group. Heavy metals' environmental and ecotoxicological relevance in humans and the environment in areas with industrial activities have yet to be assessed.The pollutants derived from oil (Oil spillage to land, Chemicals used in oil extraction, Pollution from crude oil transport accidents by pipelines and oil tankers, Crude oil combustion, which results in, Emission of highly toxic gases, Release of toxic metal elements.) The main challenges include Marine and freshwater discharges, Air pollution, Soil, and groundwater contamination. The methodology is divided into three parts: Data collection from the field including water, soil, and air samples Lab work, to analyze the samples as follows, Air sample to know the air pollution and Water sample to know the concentration of anions, cations, heavy metals, and organic materials, Anions, Cations, Heavy metals are, Organic matter like hydrocarbon and Soil samples to know the heavy metals in the soils and how affected by oil field. The thesis is containing the following chapters Abstract, Introduction, Aim of the study Methodology (Data collection, data analysis, and interpretation), Study area, Result, and discussion Conclusion, Recommendation, and References.
Seznam doporučené literatury
Saleh, M.Q., Hamad, Z.A. and Hama, J.R. (2021). Assessment of some heavy metals in crude oil workers from Kurdistan Region, northern Iraq. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1). doi:10.1007/s10661-020-08818-w.
Seznam doporučené literatury
Saleh, M.Q., Hamad, Z.A. and Hama, J.R. (2021). Assessment of some heavy metals in crude oil workers from Kurdistan Region, northern Iraq. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1). doi:10.1007/s10661-020-08818-w.
Přílohy volně vložené
-
Přílohy vázané v práci
mapy, grafy, tabulky
Převzato z knihovny
Ne
Plný text práce
Přílohy
Posudek(y) oponenta
Hodnocení vedoucího
Záznam průběhu obhajoby
First attempt: 29. 1. 2024 - F
Report from Bc. thesis defence
The Large-Scale Exploration and Production of Oil in Kurdistan, Iraq, and its Associated Impacts on the Environment
The student presented the results of his thesis in PowerPoint presentation. In the Introduction, he shortly presented the issues related to soil, water and air contamination by oil and gas operations (extraction, transport, gas flaring, etc.), the sampling area near Zakho, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The candidate used methods of field sampling, and laboratory analytical methods (pH, conductivity, turbidimetry, content of sulphates in water using UV/Vis spectrophotometry in water, atomic absorption spectrometry). In the Result parts, he presented concentrations of elements in the soil samples and the parameters in water samples in tabular form. In the following discussion, he discussed the water parameters and element concentrations in soils with respect to the possible sources of the signal (pollution), and hydrocarbon contamination (EC values, turbidity). He also discussed the social aspects of environment contamination, and occurrence of diseases in the oil production areas. Finally, the candidate summarized the findings in a short Conclusions slide.
Dr. Pavel Spirov was the tutor of the thesis; in the report, he criticized the lack of contact between the candidate and him, lack of discussion and conclusions. However, he recommended the thesis for defence. Doc. Jan Sedláček, the reviewer, summarized the findings of the thesis in his report. He criticised poorly discussed results and a poor level of discussion, frequent errors, lack of a map of sampling sites, and other problems. The reviewer recommended the thesis for defence, and proposed the “sufficient” (E) grade. In the open debate, the jury asked additional questions (dr. Spirov: MNR regulations?), prof. Bábek (sampling, analytical work?), prof. Šráček (source of nitrate?). However the candidate provided unsatisfactory answers for the questions of dr. Spirov and prof. Šráček, hence, proved unable to defend the thesis in a correct way. Based on voting, the jury decided on grade “unsatisfactory” (F).