The diploma thesis focuses on the principles of international law Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum in light of the theory of social constructivism. In my work, I looked at a case study of the Kosovo war, whether these principles are violated during the period of armed conflicts, and how the supranational organizations of the EU and two selected states, the Czech Republic and Austria, react to possible violations. For this purpose, the theory of social constructivism, sources of international legal principles Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum and their mutual relationship were introduced. In the practical part of the work, I focused on the development and course of the Kosovo war. Specifically, I monitored whether there were violations of the two mentioned principles of international law and how the European Union and then the states of the Czech Republic and Austria built a possible violation of these principles. In both countries, I observed whether violations of international law were one of the main motives for intervention/non-intervention in the Kosovo war and whether the manner and extent of the intervention were in line with the principle of Jus ad Bellum. Using the example of the Kosovo war, I managed to show completely different approaches to this conflict in the light of international law. In the case of the Czech Republic, together with the rest of NATO, international law has been violated in order to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe. Austria, on the other hand, respected international law throughout the conflict and did not participate in the war. Finally, the conclusions of the thesis show that violations of international law in war conflicts do occur, even from entities such as NATO or the EU, so international law appears to be a generally imperceptible social construct.
Anotace v angličtině
Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na principy mezinárodního práva Jus in Bello a Jus ad Bellum ve světle teorie sociálního konstruktivismu. Ve své práci jsem se zabýval případovou studií války v Kosovu, zda jsou tyto principy porušovány v období ozbrojených konfliktů a jak reagují nadnárodní organizace EU a dva vybrané státy, Česká republika a Rakousko . Za tímto účelem byla představena teorie sociálního konstruktivismu, zdroje mezinárodněprávních principů Jus in Bello a Jus ad Bellum a jejich vzájemný vztah. V praktické části práce jsem se zaměřil na vývoj a průběh války v Kosovu. Konkrétně jsem sledoval, zda došlo k porušení dvou zmíněných zásad mezinárodního práva a jak Evropská unie a poté státy České republiky a Rakouska stavěly možné porušení těchto zásad. V obou zemích jsem sledoval, zda porušování mezinárodního práva bylo jedním z hlavních motivů pro intervenci / nezasahování do kosovské války a zda způsob a rozsah intervence byly v souladu s principem Jus ad Bellum. Na příkladu války v Kosovu se mi podařilo ukázat zcela odlišné přístupy k tomuto konfliktu ve světle mezinárodního práva. V případě České republiky bylo spolu se zbytkem NATO porušeno mezinárodní právo, aby se zabránilo humanitární katastrofě. Rakousko naproti tomu v průběhu konfliktu dodržovalo mezinárodní právo a války se neúčastnilo. Závěry práce nakonec ukazují, že k porušování mezinárodního práva ve válečných konfliktech dochází, a to i ze strany subjektů, jako je NATO nebo EU, takže se mezinárodní právo jeví jako obecně nepostřehnutelný sociální konstrukt.
Klíčová slova
Yugoslavia, Kosovo, Social constructivism, Jus in Bello, Jus ad Bellum, International humanitarian law, principles of international law, European Union, Czech Republic, Austria, NATO
Klíčová slova v angličtině
Jugoslávie, Kosovo, sociální konstruktivismus, Jus in Bello, Jus ad Bellum, mezinárodní humanitární právo, zásady mezinárodního práva, Evropská unie, Česká republika, Rakousko, NATO
Rozsah průvodní práce
-
Jazyk
AN
Anotace
The diploma thesis focuses on the principles of international law Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum in light of the theory of social constructivism. In my work, I looked at a case study of the Kosovo war, whether these principles are violated during the period of armed conflicts, and how the supranational organizations of the EU and two selected states, the Czech Republic and Austria, react to possible violations. For this purpose, the theory of social constructivism, sources of international legal principles Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum and their mutual relationship were introduced. In the practical part of the work, I focused on the development and course of the Kosovo war. Specifically, I monitored whether there were violations of the two mentioned principles of international law and how the European Union and then the states of the Czech Republic and Austria built a possible violation of these principles. In both countries, I observed whether violations of international law were one of the main motives for intervention/non-intervention in the Kosovo war and whether the manner and extent of the intervention were in line with the principle of Jus ad Bellum. Using the example of the Kosovo war, I managed to show completely different approaches to this conflict in the light of international law. In the case of the Czech Republic, together with the rest of NATO, international law has been violated in order to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe. Austria, on the other hand, respected international law throughout the conflict and did not participate in the war. Finally, the conclusions of the thesis show that violations of international law in war conflicts do occur, even from entities such as NATO or the EU, so international law appears to be a generally imperceptible social construct.
Anotace v angličtině
Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na principy mezinárodního práva Jus in Bello a Jus ad Bellum ve světle teorie sociálního konstruktivismu. Ve své práci jsem se zabýval případovou studií války v Kosovu, zda jsou tyto principy porušovány v období ozbrojených konfliktů a jak reagují nadnárodní organizace EU a dva vybrané státy, Česká republika a Rakousko . Za tímto účelem byla představena teorie sociálního konstruktivismu, zdroje mezinárodněprávních principů Jus in Bello a Jus ad Bellum a jejich vzájemný vztah. V praktické části práce jsem se zaměřil na vývoj a průběh války v Kosovu. Konkrétně jsem sledoval, zda došlo k porušení dvou zmíněných zásad mezinárodního práva a jak Evropská unie a poté státy České republiky a Rakouska stavěly možné porušení těchto zásad. V obou zemích jsem sledoval, zda porušování mezinárodního práva bylo jedním z hlavních motivů pro intervenci / nezasahování do kosovské války a zda způsob a rozsah intervence byly v souladu s principem Jus ad Bellum. Na příkladu války v Kosovu se mi podařilo ukázat zcela odlišné přístupy k tomuto konfliktu ve světle mezinárodního práva. V případě České republiky bylo spolu se zbytkem NATO porušeno mezinárodní právo, aby se zabránilo humanitární katastrofě. Rakousko naproti tomu v průběhu konfliktu dodržovalo mezinárodní právo a války se neúčastnilo. Závěry práce nakonec ukazují, že k porušování mezinárodního práva ve válečných konfliktech dochází, a to i ze strany subjektů, jako je NATO nebo EU, takže se mezinárodní právo jeví jako obecně nepostřehnutelný sociální konstrukt.
Klíčová slova
Yugoslavia, Kosovo, Social constructivism, Jus in Bello, Jus ad Bellum, International humanitarian law, principles of international law, European Union, Czech Republic, Austria, NATO
Klíčová slova v angličtině
Jugoslávie, Kosovo, sociální konstruktivismus, Jus in Bello, Jus ad Bellum, mezinárodní humanitární právo, zásady mezinárodního práva, Evropská unie, Česká republika, Rakousko, NATO
Zásady pro vypracování
After proper consultation with the supervisor, I decided to apply for recognition of the assignment of my thesis on the topic: Foreign policies of the EU and selected EU member countries in the event of the Kosovo conflict. The aim of this work is to answer on the Kosovo case study whether international legal norms, despite their low enforceability, are properly observed by subjects of international law, or whether international law is perceived by states and supranational organizations only as a universally inapplicable social construct. Using the example of the Kosovo War, I will try to find out whether the end of this war was due to the observance of international law by all stakeholders, or whether it was only under the threat of using more intensified military force. I will base the assessment of the course of military operations on the principle of international humanitarian law Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum. Based on these principles, I will follow the position and interpretation of international law by the European Union in the case of the Kosovo conflict. Then I will focus on the following two principles of IHL and their compliance in the Czech Republic which was at that time a non-member state of the EU but a new accessor to NATO. Moreover, I will analyse the position of the Republic of Austria which was the member state of the EU but not NATO. In comparing the approach of these two countries, I will observe whether there have been different interpretations of international law even in such a legal nature of close countries. The research questions of the work will therefore be exposed to the interpretation of these international principles, specifically to the legitimacy of military intervention. In the course of my work, I will try to find out "what was the EU's position on the Kosovo conflict?" moreover "Was non-compliance with the principles of Jus in Bello one of the motives for deciding of Czech republic and Austria for participation/non-participation in the NATO military intervention in Kosovo?" and "Was the scope and manner of troop intervention in line with the principles of Jus ad Bellum?" The assessment of compliance with the above principles will serve me to analyse the validity of international law in times of war. Because of the possible non-compliance with these principles argued by many authors that states are willing to comply with certain international rules only to the extent that they are beneficial to them. A partial research question of this work will be, "Is international law always clearly interpretable in cases of war and whether supranational organizations have the full support and authority to act from their member states in these procedures?" One of the motives for choosing this topic was the fact that views on the approach to the Kosovo conflict were and still are quite different in many countries. The work will be divided into two parts. In the first part, I will deal with the theory of social constructivism. In the second part of the work, I will focus on the presentation of the Kosovo conflict and what was its development. Subsequently, I will examine whether the principles of international law jus in Bello and jus ad Bellum were observed during the war. Based on the results of this analysis, I will focus on the position of the European Union and two selected states on this conflict. These countries will be the Czech Republic and Austria. The research method in this work is relatively trivial, as I use a descriptive analysis of a case study.
Zásady pro vypracování
After proper consultation with the supervisor, I decided to apply for recognition of the assignment of my thesis on the topic: Foreign policies of the EU and selected EU member countries in the event of the Kosovo conflict. The aim of this work is to answer on the Kosovo case study whether international legal norms, despite their low enforceability, are properly observed by subjects of international law, or whether international law is perceived by states and supranational organizations only as a universally inapplicable social construct. Using the example of the Kosovo War, I will try to find out whether the end of this war was due to the observance of international law by all stakeholders, or whether it was only under the threat of using more intensified military force. I will base the assessment of the course of military operations on the principle of international humanitarian law Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum. Based on these principles, I will follow the position and interpretation of international law by the European Union in the case of the Kosovo conflict. Then I will focus on the following two principles of IHL and their compliance in the Czech Republic which was at that time a non-member state of the EU but a new accessor to NATO. Moreover, I will analyse the position of the Republic of Austria which was the member state of the EU but not NATO. In comparing the approach of these two countries, I will observe whether there have been different interpretations of international law even in such a legal nature of close countries. The research questions of the work will therefore be exposed to the interpretation of these international principles, specifically to the legitimacy of military intervention. In the course of my work, I will try to find out "what was the EU's position on the Kosovo conflict?" moreover "Was non-compliance with the principles of Jus in Bello one of the motives for deciding of Czech republic and Austria for participation/non-participation in the NATO military intervention in Kosovo?" and "Was the scope and manner of troop intervention in line with the principles of Jus ad Bellum?" The assessment of compliance with the above principles will serve me to analyse the validity of international law in times of war. Because of the possible non-compliance with these principles argued by many authors that states are willing to comply with certain international rules only to the extent that they are beneficial to them. A partial research question of this work will be, "Is international law always clearly interpretable in cases of war and whether supranational organizations have the full support and authority to act from their member states in these procedures?" One of the motives for choosing this topic was the fact that views on the approach to the Kosovo conflict were and still are quite different in many countries. The work will be divided into two parts. In the first part, I will deal with the theory of social constructivism. In the second part of the work, I will focus on the presentation of the Kosovo conflict and what was its development. Subsequently, I will examine whether the principles of international law jus in Bello and jus ad Bellum were observed during the war. Based on the results of this analysis, I will focus on the position of the European Union and two selected states on this conflict. These countries will be the Czech Republic and Austria. The research method in this work is relatively trivial, as I use a descriptive analysis of a case study.
Seznam doporučené literatury
ARHSIEN, Patrick. Yugoslavia, Albania and the Kosovo Riots. The World Today, 1981, vol. 37, no. 11. Pp. 420-421. BERGER, Peter, LUCKMANN, Thomas. Sociální konstrukce reality. Pp. 91-94. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury. 1999. BIEBER, Florian, DASKALOVSKI, Zidas. Understanding the War in Kosovo, London. 2005. DAVID, Vladislav, SLADKÝ, Pavel; ZBOŘIL, František. Mezinárodní právo veřejné s kazuistikou. Praha: Leges, 2008. 432. Pp 121-122. DRULÁK, Petr. Teorie mezinárodních vztahů. 1. Vydání. Praha: nakladatelství Portál, 2003. FINLAN, Alastair. The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991–1999. Ospray: Welingborough. 2014. GIRGLE, Patrik. Kosovo. Praha: Libri, 2006. GINSBERG, Roy. The European Union in international politics: Baptism by fire. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.2001.GROSS, Eva. European Union Foreign Policy towards the Balkans. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2007. HAD, Miloslav. „Společná zahraniční a bezpečnostní politika Evropské unie a Balkán“. In HAD, Miloslav (ed). Stabilita Balkánu a Evropská unie. Příspěvek České republiky. Praha: Rada pro mezinárodní vztahy, 2006, HEHN, Paul. A Low Dishonest Decade. Continuum: London. 2005. JUKL, Marek. Ženevské úmluvy a dodatkové protokoly. Praha: Český červený kříž. 2005. KANT, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reasons. London: MacMillan Company. 1922. KNOBLAUCH, Hubert, PFADENHAUER, Michale. Social Constructivism as Paradigm. London: Routledge. 2016. Pp. 275 – 291. LARYŠ, Martin. „Kosovský konflikt“. In: ŠMÍD, Tomáš; VAĎURA, Vladimír (ed). Etnické konflikty v postkomunistickém prostoru. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury, 2007. MALENOVSKÝ, Jiří. Mezinárodní právo veřejné. Brno: Doplněk, 2002. Pp. 17-18. MACDonald, David. Tito’s Yugoslavia and after. Manchester: Mangester University Press. 2018. Pp. 183-184. MERTUS, Julia. Kosovo: How myths and truths started a war. Berkeley: University of California press. 1999. MORTON, Jeffrey and coll. Reflection on the Balkan Wars: Ten Years after the Break-Up of Yugoslavia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. PELIKÁN, Jan and coll. Státy západního Balkánu v uplynulém čtvrtstoletí a perspektivy jejich vývoje. Praha: Univerzita Karlova. 2016. RAMET, Sabrina, Petra. The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Washington. 2006. SHAW, Malcolm. Geneve Convention. London: Encyclopedia Britanica. 2020. SCHÄFER, Peter. Prezidenti USA: od George Washingtona po Billa Clintona. Praha: Mladá fronta, 1995. SINGH, Jasvir. Problem of Ethnicity: The United Nations and Kosovo Crisis. Lodz: Unistar Books. 2001. ŠTĚPÁNEK, Václav: Zápisky z doby bombardování. Brno: Společnost přátel jiţních Slovanů, 1999. ŠTĚPÁNEK, Václav. Jugoslávie – Srbsko – Kosovo. Brno: Masarykova univerzita. TAYLOR, Steven. 30-second politics: The 50 most thought-provoking theories in politics, each explained in half a minute. London: Icon Books. 2018, Pp. 296. THOMAS, Nigel; MIKULAN, Krunoslav. Válka v Jugoslávii: Bosna, Kosovo a Makedonie 1992-2001. Praha: Grada, 2008. TUMIS, Stanislav. Státy západního Balkánu v uplynulém čtvrtstoletí a perspektivy jejich vývoje: Kosovo. Praha: Univerzita Karlova. 2016.
Seznam doporučené literatury
ARHSIEN, Patrick. Yugoslavia, Albania and the Kosovo Riots. The World Today, 1981, vol. 37, no. 11. Pp. 420-421. BERGER, Peter, LUCKMANN, Thomas. Sociální konstrukce reality. Pp. 91-94. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury. 1999. BIEBER, Florian, DASKALOVSKI, Zidas. Understanding the War in Kosovo, London. 2005. DAVID, Vladislav, SLADKÝ, Pavel; ZBOŘIL, František. Mezinárodní právo veřejné s kazuistikou. Praha: Leges, 2008. 432. Pp 121-122. DRULÁK, Petr. Teorie mezinárodních vztahů. 1. Vydání. Praha: nakladatelství Portál, 2003. FINLAN, Alastair. The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991–1999. Ospray: Welingborough. 2014. GIRGLE, Patrik. Kosovo. Praha: Libri, 2006. GINSBERG, Roy. The European Union in international politics: Baptism by fire. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.2001.GROSS, Eva. European Union Foreign Policy towards the Balkans. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2007. HAD, Miloslav. „Společná zahraniční a bezpečnostní politika Evropské unie a Balkán“. In HAD, Miloslav (ed). Stabilita Balkánu a Evropská unie. Příspěvek České republiky. Praha: Rada pro mezinárodní vztahy, 2006, HEHN, Paul. A Low Dishonest Decade. Continuum: London. 2005. JUKL, Marek. Ženevské úmluvy a dodatkové protokoly. Praha: Český červený kříž. 2005. KANT, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reasons. London: MacMillan Company. 1922. KNOBLAUCH, Hubert, PFADENHAUER, Michale. Social Constructivism as Paradigm. London: Routledge. 2016. Pp. 275 – 291. LARYŠ, Martin. „Kosovský konflikt“. In: ŠMÍD, Tomáš; VAĎURA, Vladimír (ed). Etnické konflikty v postkomunistickém prostoru. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury, 2007. MALENOVSKÝ, Jiří. Mezinárodní právo veřejné. Brno: Doplněk, 2002. Pp. 17-18. MACDonald, David. Tito’s Yugoslavia and after. Manchester: Mangester University Press. 2018. Pp. 183-184. MERTUS, Julia. Kosovo: How myths and truths started a war. Berkeley: University of California press. 1999. MORTON, Jeffrey and coll. Reflection on the Balkan Wars: Ten Years after the Break-Up of Yugoslavia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. PELIKÁN, Jan and coll. Státy západního Balkánu v uplynulém čtvrtstoletí a perspektivy jejich vývoje. Praha: Univerzita Karlova. 2016. RAMET, Sabrina, Petra. The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Washington. 2006. SHAW, Malcolm. Geneve Convention. London: Encyclopedia Britanica. 2020. SCHÄFER, Peter. Prezidenti USA: od George Washingtona po Billa Clintona. Praha: Mladá fronta, 1995. SINGH, Jasvir. Problem of Ethnicity: The United Nations and Kosovo Crisis. Lodz: Unistar Books. 2001. ŠTĚPÁNEK, Václav: Zápisky z doby bombardování. Brno: Společnost přátel jiţních Slovanů, 1999. ŠTĚPÁNEK, Václav. Jugoslávie – Srbsko – Kosovo. Brno: Masarykova univerzita. TAYLOR, Steven. 30-second politics: The 50 most thought-provoking theories in politics, each explained in half a minute. London: Icon Books. 2018, Pp. 296. THOMAS, Nigel; MIKULAN, Krunoslav. Válka v Jugoslávii: Bosna, Kosovo a Makedonie 1992-2001. Praha: Grada, 2008. TUMIS, Stanislav. Státy západního Balkánu v uplynulém čtvrtstoletí a perspektivy jejich vývoje: Kosovo. Praha: Univerzita Karlova. 2016.