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Lecturer(s)
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Course content
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1) Significance of genetics and basic terminology. Genetic models. DNA structure and replication. Genetic markers. 2) Central dogma of molecular genetics. Transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. Post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA. Differences in gene transcription between bacteria and eukaryotes. Protein structure. Genetic code. Translation in bacteria and eukaryotes. Differences in translation initiation between bacteria and eukaryotes. 3) Cytogenetics. Cell theory. Genetic information of prions, viroids, viruses, bacteria, and archaea. Plant and animal cell structure. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Chromatin, chromosome structure and morphology. Cell cycle. Cytokinesis. Karyokinesis: mitosis, amitosis, and meiosis. Genetic consequences of meiosis. Gametogenesis. 4) Mendelian inheritance. Gene, alleles, locus, and the dual nature of inheritance. Basic allelic interactions. Mendel's laws. Mendelian inheritance at the cytological and molecular levels. Methods of deducing cross results. Chi-square test. 5) Intragenic and intergenic interactions. Monogenic and polygenic determination of a single trait, and pleiotropy. Types of intragenic interactions. Types of intergenic interactions. Modifying effect of genes. Gene expressivity and penetrance. 6) Genetic linkage and chromosome mapping. Complete and incomplete genetic linkage. Coupling and repulsion phases (cis and trans). Bateson and Morgan numbers. Morgan's laws. Single and multiple crossing-over. Three-point cross. Chromosomal interference and coincidence. Mapping functions. LOD score. Types of genetic maps. 7) Sex-linked inheritance and sex determination. Chromosomal and genotypic sex determination in plants and animals. Consequences of heterochromosome nondisjunction and other abnormalities in sex determination. Dosage compensation of X-linked genes. Inheritance of sex-related traits. 8) Inheritance of quantitative traits. Experiments of H. N. Ehle and E. M. East. Mechanisms of polygenic inheritance. Variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Components of quantitative trait variability. Heritability coefficient and methods for its determination. Genetic gain, inbreeding, and heterosis effect. 9) Mutations. Classification of mutations. Molecular basis of gene mutations. Molecular mechanisms of gene mutation origin. Chromosomal aberrations and genomic mutations. Use of induced mutagenesis in plant breeding. 10) Population genetics. Types of populations and mechanisms preventing inbreeding in plants and animals. Basic mathematical characteristics of a diploid organism population. Hardy-Weinberg principle. Mechanisms disrupting population equilibrium: selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift. 11) Genetics in animal ontogeny. Stages of development in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetic analysis of developmental pathways. Activity of maternal and zygotic genes during development. Genetic analysis of vertebrate development. 12) Genetics in plant ontogeny. Model organisms for genetic analysis of plant development. Embryonic development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Coordination of development and forming of new structures. Apical meristem and its function. Environmental signalling and flowering dependency. Function of homeotic selector genes. 13) Evolutionary genetics. Evolutionary theories. Genetic variability in natural populations. Molecular evolution. Speciation - the origin of species.
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Learning activities and teaching methods
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Lecture
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Learning outcomes
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Gaining basic knowledge of plant genetics. Emphasis is placed on integrating knowledge from classical genetics, molecular genetics, and cytogenetics.
Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of heredity in plants.
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Prerequisites
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unspecified
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Assessment methods and criteria
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unspecified
To pass the course, student must successfully complete a written exam with a minimum score of 18 out of 30 points.
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Recommended literature
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ALBERTS, Bruce et al. (2006). Základy buněčné biologie : úvod do molekulární biologie buňky. 2. vydání. KOTYK, Arnošt, Bohumil BOUZEK a Pavel HOZÁK (překl.). Ústí nad Labem.
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HARTL, Daniel L. a Bruce COCHRANE. (2019). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. 9. vydání. Burlington.
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HRUBAN, Vojtěch a Ivan MAJZLÍK. (2010). Obecná genetika. 1. vydání.
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KOVÁČIK, Antonín et al. (1983). Genetika rostlin. 1. vydání. Praha.
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NEČÁSEK, Jan a Ivo CETL. (1984). Obecná genetika. 2. vyd. Praha.
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PIERCE, Benjamin A. (2025). Genetics: A Conceptual Approach. 7. aktualizované vydání. New York.
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ŘEPKOVÁ, Jana. (2013). Genetika rostlin. Online. 1. vydání. Brno.
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SNUSTAD, Peter D. a Michael J. SIMMONS. (2017). Genetika. 2. aktualizované české vydání. Jiřina RELICHOVÁ (ed.). Brno.
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