1. Ancient physicians. The theory of the four bodily humors and the four elements. Medicine during the Renaissance. Blood circulation, public dissections, anatomy. The development of gas chemistry. The phlogiston theory. The discovery of oxygen. Lavoisier and his contribution to chemistry. Dalton, Davy, Faraday. Discoveries associated with fermentation. 2. Medicine and the beginnings of microbiology. Vitalism and Lebenskraft. Findings from autopsies in the 19th century. Rudolf Virchow and Claude Bernard. Epidemic diseases and vaccination. Discovery of the causative agent of cholera (Robert Koch). Louis Pasteur. The problem of surgical fever. The beginnings of immunology (von Behring, Ehrlich, Mechnikov). 3. Amino acids and peptides (Edman, Hopkins, Kjeldahl, Merrifield, Sanger, Soerensen, Tuppy, du Vigneaud, Waksman). Research and the first use of insulin (Banting and Best, Paulescu, etc.). Oparin's theory. Proof of the prebiotic formation of amino acids (Urey, Miller). 4. The peptide bond (Hofmeister). Levels of protein structure (Anfinsen, Linderstroem-Lang). Secondary structure (Corey, Pauling). X-ray crystallography (Astbury, Hodgkin, Perutz). Instrumental methods for working with proteins (Folin, Svedberg, Tiselius). Sequence analysis (Sanger). The Ramachandran plot. The beginnings of structural bioinformatics of proteins. 5. Discovery of enzymes (the Buchner brothers, Traube). Preparation of crystalline enzymes (Kunitz, Northrop, Sumner). Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis and Menten, Lineweaver and Burk). Discoveries of vitamins (McCollum, Kuhn). Oxidoreductases and coenzymes (Warburg, Theorell). Enzymes of glycogen metabolism (the Coris). Proteolytic enzymes (Neurath). Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (Kaplan). 6. Carbohydrate metabolism. Chemistry, nomenclature, and structures of carbohydrates (Emil Fischer, Haworth). Carbohydrate fermentation and nicotinamide coenzymes (Harden, von Euler-Chelpin). Glycolysis (Embden, Meyerhof, Neuberg, Parnas). Galactose metabolism (Leloir). The importance of ATP and muscle contraction (Engelhardt, Lohmann, Lundsgaard, Straub). Phosphorylation and kinases (Edwin Krebs, Edmond Fischer, Earl Sutherland). 7. Keilin and the discovery of cytochromes, cellular respiration. Discoveries concerning the processes of the citric acid cycle (Szent-Györgyi, Knoop, Hans Krebs, Ochoa). The chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis (Mitchell). ATP synthase and oxidative phosphorylation (Boyer, Racker). The emergence of bioenergetics (Meyerhof, Kalckar, Lipmann). Models of biological non-equilibrium systems (the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction). 8. Discovery of nucleic acids (Miescher, Kossel). Chargaff's rules. Concepts of DNA structure (Levene). The Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. Discovery of the DNA double helix (Franklin, Wilkins, Watson, and Crick). Purine biosynthesis (Buchanan). DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases (Arthur Kornberg and his sons). Transfer RNA (Hoagland, Zamecnik). Discovery of the genetic code (Khorana, Nirenberg, Ochoa). Genes and their exchange (Beadle, Tatum, Lederberg). 9. Cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones (Bloch, Butenandt, Wieland). Beta-oxidation and fatty acid biosynthesis (Dakin, Green, Knoop, Lynen). Bioelectricity and acetylcholine (Katz, Nachmansohn). Synthetic steroids (Julian). 10. Personalities of Czech and Slovak biochemistry. Balling, Horbaczewski, Koštíř and his successors in Prague, Morávek and his successors in Brno. Clinical biochemistry (Hořejší, Šilink). Slovak biochemists (Kováč, Pecháň). The Czech Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. 11. As a bonus: the history of alchemy. Hermes Trismegistus and the Emerald Tablet. The alchemical experiment. Ancient and Arab alchemists. European alchemists in the Middle Ages. Glauber's salt. The beginnings of alchemy in the Czech lands during the Middle Ages. Alchemy at the court of Rudolf II and Renaissance noblemen. The last Prague alchemist.
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