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Lecturer(s)
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Kozieł Michal, Dr. Mgr. Ph.D.
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Melotíková Petra, Mgr. Ph.D.
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Kohajda Michael, doc. JUDr. Ph.D.
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Course content
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1. How Bitcoin works. Keys, addresses, transactions, UTXO, confirmations and fees. Students try out a test wallet and look up a transaction in a block explorer; if the tools are technically unavailable, they work with a prepared record. They distinguish technical control from legal title to a crypto-asset. Practitioner: technical expert / educator. 2. Ethereum, tokens and their legal classification. Smart contracts, stablecoins, staking and a basic orientation in DeFi. Using model parameters, students distinguish a crypto-asset under MiCA from a financial instrument; for stablecoins, they assess the conditions for classification as an e-money token or an asset-referenced token. Practitioners: developer and lawyer. 3. Business model and service map (case file A). The team assesses the intended services of the fictitious provider, their classification and the required authorisations. It prepares a brief recommendation for the company's management and allocates tasks within the team. Practitioner: provider's in-house lawyer / attorney. 4. Authorisation and supervision (case file A). Working with a model application and a request for supplementation, students prepare an overview of deficiencies and a proposal for remedial measures. In a simulated meeting, they justify the chosen approach and place it in the context of subsequent supervisory, notification and reporting obligations. Practitioner: attorney experienced in authorisation procedures / supervision expert. 5. Custody and protection of clients' crypto-assets (case file A). Self-custody and custody by a provider, key management, segregation of client assets and liability. The team assesses a model contractual and operational set-up, identifies risks and proposes specific adjustments. Practitioners: custody specialist and lawyer. . Protection of clients' funds (case file A). Segregation of funds and their deposit with a bank. Students separately assess a scenario of the provider's insolvency and a scenario of a bank failure; they verify the conditions and limits of deposit insurance, the records of eligible persons and the significance of a special-regime account. Practitioner: banking lawyer / compliance specialist. 7. AML and a suspicious transaction (case file B). Client identification and due diligence, risk profile, monitoring, information accompanying transfers and self-hosted wallets. Students evaluate fictitious client documentation and transactions and draft a reasoned proposal for further action, including an assessment of reporting obligations. Practitioner: AML specialist / the provider's designated (contact) person. 8. Investigation and cooperation (case file B). Possibilities and limits of blockchain analysis, the legal basis and scope of cooperation, seizure and evidentiary issues. The team prepares a response to a model request from an authority and separates verified conclusions from hypotheses. Practitioners: investigation expert and blockchain analyst. 9. Consumer protection and dispute resolution (case file B). Complaints, terms and conditions and information obligations. Students assess the competence of the Financial Arbitrator for the dispute in question, prepare the client's submission or the provider's statement and take part in a simulated hearing. Practitioner: attorney / expert in out-of-court resolution of consumer disputes. 10. Taxation of a natural person's crypto-assets (case file C). Students work with a fictitious overview of acquisitions, transfers and exchanges in a specified tax period. They assess the classification of income, expenses and the conditions for exemption, including the distinction between the value test and the time test and their exceptions; they identify missing documents and justify the calculation. Practitioner: tax advisor. 11. Crypto-assets in property-related proceedings (case file C). A joint introduction to tracing, accessing, valuing and dealing with crypto-assets. 12. Final simulation and colloquium..............
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Learning activities and teaching methods
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Dialogic Lecture (Discussion, Dialog, Brainstorming), Group work
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Learning outcomes
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The course is designed as a simulation-based legal clinic focused on crypto-assets in financial market practice. Students apply the knowledge acquired in the course to three original model case files that link the legal positions of the service provider, the client and the competent authorities. All facts, persons and transactions in the assignments are fictitious and serve teaching purposes only; the course does not involve solving actual cases or providing legal services to real clients. Teaching combines the necessary expert instruction and pre-seminar preparation with teamwork, simulated hearings and meetings, and individual assignments. Following feedback from the teachers and practitioners, students revise their outputs. The aim is to teach students to identify legally relevant facts, find and apply the relevant legal rules, justify the proposed solution and communicate it clearly to the client or to the competent authority. Students try out various professional roles, working with incomplete documentation and taking responsibility for their own professional judgement.
Acquired competences (knowledge, skills, values): Knowledge: The student can explain the basic functioning of Bitcoin, Ethereum, keys, transactions and tokens and can distinguish the technical ability to dispose of a crypto-asset from the legal title to it. The student understands the classification of tokens and services, custody models and the protection of client assets. The student knows the basic framework of authorisation and supervision, AML obligations, cooperation in investigations, consumer protection and taxation. The student can identify legal issues relating to crypto-assets in enforcement, insolvency and probate proceedings. Skills: Using a model case file, the student is able to classify a service and determine the required authorisation; prepare an overview of deficiencies in an application and a proposal for their remedy; assess the risks of custody and of the protection of clients' funds; justify the course of action in the case of a suspicious transaction and a request for cooperation; prepare a complaint or a procedural submission, including an assessment of the competent authority; resolve selected tax issues of a natural person and propose a basic course of action in a chosen property-related situation. The student distinguishes established facts, assumptions and uncertainties, cites legal sources, defends the proposed solution and revises it in response to feedback. Values and attitudes: When solving a case, the student takes into account client protection, the integrity of the financial system and room for innovation. The student recognises conflicts of interest and the limits of their own expertise, handles information responsibly, works honestly with sources and reflects on their own approach and on teamwork.
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Prerequisites
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The course has no formally prescribed prerequisite courses. Prior completion of courses in financial, administrative, civil and commercial law is recommended. No technical knowledge is required; the first two seminars provide a practical introduction to the technology, including students' own hands-on work (a testnet wallet, a block explorer), and an interactive study material is available for self-study.
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Assessment methods and criteria
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Student performance
Students work in teams of four and alternate professional roles. The team portfolio contains four revised outputs totalling approximately 10?12 pages: (1) classification of services and an overview of deficiencies in the application from case file A, (2) a proposal for the protection of client assets from case file A, (3) a reasoned course of action and a selected submission from case file B, and (4) a solution to the tax issue and the chosen property-related scenario from case file C. For each output, the team briefly records how feedback was incorporated and states the contribution of individual members. Each student independently prepares a legal memorandum on an assigned question from one of the case files (2?3 pages), takes an individual oral defence and submits a final reflection (approximately 1 page). A capacity of 20 students is proposed for the pilot run. In seminar 12, the defences take place in parallel with the teams' preparation for the simulation; the schedule ensures sufficient time to assess each student.
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Recommended literature
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learnmeabitcoin.com - technický výklad fungování bitcoinu (online)..
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(2022). Nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2022/2554 o digitální provozní odolnosti finančního sektoru (DORA)..
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(2022). Nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2022/858 o pilotním režimu pro tržní infrastruktury založené na technologii distribuované účetní knihy..
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(2023). Nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2023/1113 o informacích doprovázejících převody peněžních prostředků a určitých kryptoaktiv..
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(2023). Nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2023/1114 ze dne 31. května 2023 o trzích kryptoaktiv (MiCA) ? vybraná ustanovení (čl. 3, hlava V, zejm. čl. 59?83)..
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(2024). Nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2024/1624 o předcházení využívání finančního systému k praní peněz nebo financování terorismu (AMLR)..
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Veřejně dostupné zprávy správců z insolvenčních řízení FTX a Celsius (doplňkový kontext k ochraně klientského majetku; nejsou zadáním studentských případů)..
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(1992). Zákon č. 21/1992 Sb., o bankách - § 41c až 41f (pojištění pohledávek z vkladů, účet se zvláštním režimem)..
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(2002). Zákon č. 229/2002 Sb., o finančním arbitrovi - vybraná ustanovení o působnosti a řízení; další procesní předpisy v rozsahu přidělené varianty modelového spisu C..
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(2008). Zákon č. 253/2008 Sb., o některých opatřeních proti legalizaci výnosů z trestné činnosti a financování terorismu ? ustanovení týkající se osob poskytujících služby spojené s virtuálním aktivem / kryptoaktivy..
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(2025). Zákon č. 31/2025 Sb., o digitalizaci finančního trhu..
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(1992). Zákon č. 586/1992 Sb., o daních z příjmů - ustanovení o příjmech z kryptoaktiv ve znění rozhodném pro zdaňovací období modelového spisu..
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ANTONOPOULOS, Andreas M., HARDING, David A. (2023). Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain. 3. vyd. (úvodní kapitoly).. Sebastopol.
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ANTONOPOULOS, Andreas M., WOOD, Gavin. (2018). Mastering Ethereum. Sebastopol.
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BOČÁNEK, Marek. (2026). Nařízení o kryptoaktivech (MiCA). Komentář.. Praha.
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Česká národní banka. Česká národní banka: úřední sdělení, dohledové benchmarky a odpovědi na dotazy k poskytování služeb kryptoaktiv (aktuální znění na webu ČNB)..
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ESMA. (2025). Guidelines on the conditions and criteria for the qualification of crypto-assets as financial instruments (ESMA75-453128700-1323).. Paris.
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ESMA. Questions and Answers on the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) (aktuální znění, online)..
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Europol. Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) (aktuální ročník)..
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FATF. (2021). Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers.. Paris.
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Finanční analytický úřad. Finanční analytický úřad: metodické pokyny k virtuálním aktivům / kryptoaktivům (aktuální znění na webu FAÚ)..
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Finanční správa ČR. Informace ke zdanění kryptoaktiv a vybrané závěry Koordinačního výboru KDP ČR a GFŘ, relevantní pro zdaňovací období modelového spisu..
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Chainalysis. Crypto Crime Report (aktuální ročník)..
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